2016: o ano em que o regulador foi implacável
Em 2016, as acções do regulador colocaram o sector bancário em alerta. Desde a intervenção no Moza até à dissolução do Nosso Banco, sempre pairou a ideia de que mais um banco cairia nas mãos dos “vigias” da torre da Avenida 25 de Setembro.
Quase todos os sectores de actividades em Moçambique não guardam boas recordações do desempenho registado em 2016. Porém, o sistema bancário, apesar dos desafios que enfrentou, entre regulatórios e económicos, manteve-se robusto, de acordo com a última pesquisa do sector publicada pela Associação Moçambicana de Bancos (AMB). Os números da pesquisa não podiam ser mais esclarecedores.
Em 2016, os bancos tiveram uma melhor performance e solidez em relação ao ano anterior, com rácio de solvabilidade a passar de 17 para 18 por cento. No que diz respeito à situação financeira dos bancos comerciais em 2016, é importante destacar que o sistema financeiro se ressentiu dos desequilíbrios macroeconómicos (volatilidade dos preços da commodities, desaceleração do investimento, suspensão dos desembolsos externos ao Orçamento do Estado, quebra de reservas internacionais e elevada pressão inflacionária e cambial), e vários desafios foram colocados aos bancos, com destaque para as intervenções do regulador no Moza Banco e no Nosso Banco.
Mas é verdade que a intervenção do banco central nestas instituições tinha em vista, acima de tudo, assegurar a protecção dos interesses dos depositantes, mitigar o risco sistémico bancário, bem como reforçar a confiança dos agentes económicos.
Entre os desafi os a ter em conta e que continuam a assombrar o sector, importa destacar a deterioração da carteira de crédito (o sector corre risco de aumento do nível de incumprimentos), os desafi os de liquidez (que resultam do aumento da inflação e também provenientes do risco de concentração na maioria dos bancos) e a mão-de- -obra qualificada (há escassez da mão-de-obra qualificada. Os bons recursos continuam a migrar de uma instituição bancária para a outra e chega- -se ao ponto de se contratarem funcionários estrangeiros para colmatar este problema.)
NOVA ERA E NOVAS REGRAS
Depois de um ano difícil, o Banco de Moçambique (BM) decidiu, no início deste ano, aumentar os requisitos mínimos de capital e fundos próprios, bem como no rácio de adequação de capital.
O banco emissor anunciou também um novo rácio diário de liquidez de 25 por cento. Os bancos comerciais dispõem de três anos para cumprir com os novos requisitos de capital e adequação de capital.
Analistas do mercado indicam que os novos requisitos de capital poderão devolver a estabilidade ao sector bancário e poderão resultar na consolidação de bancos, bem como os bancos terem de rever os seus modelos operacionais.
OS NÚMEROS DO SISTEMA BANCÁRIO
O sistema bancário moçambicano conta com 19 bancos e o número de agências evoluiu de 616, em 2015, para 637 em 2016. Entretanto, destes, apenas dois possuem participação maioritariamente moçambicana, nomeadamente o Moza Banco e o Banco Nacional de Investimentos. Mas há outros números a ter em conta.
O de caixas automáticas (ATM) passou de 1556, em 2015, para 1724, em 2016, bem como uma rede de cerca de 350 agentes bancários. O que continua a não surpreender ninguém é que o sector continua a ser dominado por quatro instituições, nomeadamente Millennium Bim, BCI, Standard Bank e Barclays, que perfazem 98 por cento do lucro produzido.
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