2016: o ano em que o regulador foi implacável
Em 2016, as acções do regulador colocaram o sector bancário em alerta. Desde a intervenção no Moza até à dissolução do Nosso Banco, sempre pairou a ideia de que mais um banco cairia nas mãos dos “vigias” da torre da Avenida 25 de Setembro.
O Banco de Moçambique decidiu, em 2016, aumentar os requisitos mínimos de capital e fundos próprios, bem como no rácio de adequação de capital.
Quase todos os sectores de actividades em Moçambique não guardam boas recordações do desempenho registado em 2016. Porém, o sistema bancário, apesar dos desafios que enfrentou, entre regulatórios e económicos, manteve-se robusto, de acordo com a última pesquisa do sector publicada pela Associação Moçambicana de Bancos (AMB). Os números da pesquisa não podiam ser mais esclarecedores.
Em 2016, os bancos tiveram uma melhor performance e solidez em relação ao ano anterior, com rácio de solvabilidade a passar de 17 para 18 por cento. No que diz respeito à situação financeira dos bancos comerciais em 2016, é importante destacar que o sistema financeiro se ressentiu dos desequilíbrios macroeconómicos (volatilidade dos preços da commodities, desaceleração do investimento, suspensão dos desembolsos externos ao Orçamento do Estado, quebra de reservas internacionais e elevada pressão inflacionária e cambial), e vários desafios foram colocados aos bancos, com destaque para as intervenções do regulador no Moza Banco e no Nosso Banco.
Mas é verdade que a intervenção do banco central nestas instituições tinha em vista, acima de tudo, assegurar a protecção dos interesses dos depositantes, mitigar o risco sistémico bancário, bem como reforçar a confiança dos agentes económicos.
Entre os desafi os a ter em conta e que continuam a assombrar o sector, importa destacar a deterioração da carteira de crédito (o sector corre risco de aumento do nível de incumprimentos), os desafi os de liquidez (que resultam do aumento da inflação e também provenientes do risco de concentração na maioria dos bancos) e a mão-de- -obra qualificada (há escassez da mão-de-obra qualificada. Os bons recursos continuam a migrar de uma instituição bancária para a outra e chega- -se ao ponto de se contratarem funcionários estrangeiros para colmatar este problema.)
NOVA ERA E NOVAS REGRAS
Depois de um ano difícil, o Banco de Moçambique (BM) decidiu, no início deste ano, aumentar os requisitos mínimos de capital e fundos próprios, bem como no rácio de adequação de capital.
O banco emissor anunciou também um novo rácio diário de liquidez de 25 por cento. Os bancos comerciais dispõem de três anos para cumprir com os novos requisitos de capital e adequação de capital.
Analistas do mercado indicam que os novos requisitos de capital poderão devolver a estabilidade ao sector bancário e poderão resultar na consolidação de bancos, bem como os bancos terem de rever os seus modelos operacionais.
OS NÚMEROS DO SISTEMA BANCÁRIO
O sistema bancário moçambicano conta com 19 bancos e o número de agências evoluiu de 616, em 2015, para 637 em 2016. Entretanto, destes, apenas dois possuem participação maioritariamente moçambicana, nomeadamente o Moza Banco e o Banco Nacional de Investimentos. Mas há outros números a ter em conta.
O de caixas automáticas (ATM) passou de 1556, em 2015, para 1724, em 2016, bem como uma rede de cerca de 350 agentes bancários. O que continua a não surpreender ninguém é que o sector continua a ser dominado por quatro instituições, nomeadamente Millennium Bim, BCI, Standard Bank e Barclays, que perfazem 98 por cento do lucro produzido.
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